RESUMO
An increase in the number of cases of Salmonella enterica serotype Goldcoast infection was observed in England during September 2013. A total of 38 cases were reported, with symptom onset dates between 21 June and 6 October 2013. Epidemiological, environmental, microbiological and food chain evidence all support the conclusion that this outbreak was associated with eating whelks processed by the same factory. Whelks are a novel vehicle of Salmonella infection and should be considered when investigating future outbreaks.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Intoxicação Alimentar por Salmonella/epidemiologia , Salmonella enterica/isolamento & purificação , Alimentos Marinhos/microbiologia , Animais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Notificação de Doenças , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/complicações , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/microbiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Características de Residência , Salmonella enterica/classificaçãoRESUMO
The effects of simultaneous administrations of Cyclosporin A (CsA) and Glyburide on the immune system of rats has been evaluated in terms of Interleukin-2 (IL-2) production by Concanavalin A (ConA) stimulated splenocytes and exogenous IL-2 binding capacity. The inhibitory effect of Cyclosporin A on IL-2 production of lymphoid cells is well known. Spleen cells from rats receiving CsA had reduced levels of IL-2 when compared to untreated controls or rats receiving Glyburide only. Splenocytes from rats receiving both drugs had reduced levels of IL-2 when they were sacrificed 24 hours after one or three CsA administrations; instead when the animals were sacrificed 6 days after three CsA administrations, their ability of producing IL-2 is increased as well as increasing exogenous IL-2 binding capacity. These findings let us hypothesize that when there are lower concentrations of CsA in lymphocytes there is an increase of cellular metabolism induced by Glyburide that leads to an increase in IL-2 secretion and in IL-2 receptor expression on cellular surface restoring these levels to normal or slightly above normal levels.
Assuntos
Ciclosporina/farmacologia , Glibureto/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Imunossupressores/farmacologia , Interleucina-2/biossíntese , Animais , Ciclosporina/sangue , Interações Medicamentosas , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Cyclosporin A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive drug, but it has also a marked action on carbohydrate metabolism. This study was designed to define the role of a single CsA administration in glucose load distribution. Results show that CsA seems to modify glucose load distribution; in fact it influences considerably glycemia and hepatic, cardiac and muscular glycogen levels, particularly after glucose load. The present experiments suggest that CsA has an antagonist action on insulin release elicited by glucose. This effect may be due to a modification of Ca2+ cellular levels in pancreatic beta-cells. Reduction of insulin release may develop a "pharmacologic diabetes" with metabolism deviated towards gluconeogenesis.
Assuntos
Ciclosporina/farmacologia , Glucose/metabolismo , Animais , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Gluconeogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Músculos/metabolismo , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Cyclosporin A appears to act on type I diabetes. In rats it alters glucose digestion. The present study provides a more detailed analysis of the influence of this substance on certain aspects of carbohydrate metabolism. The data reveal that CSA increases the glycogen in the liver and muscle but reduces the amount in the heart. Blood sugar was also significantly increased but only after the third dose of CSA. While these preliminary results clearly show that CSA has an effect on carbohydrate metabolism they do not indicate whether is the drug itself or one of the hormones that usually influence carbohydrate exchange which has this effect.
